External USB/Thunderbolt SSDs and/or hard drives (aka direct-attached storage, or DAS) are a super-convenient way to add storage capacity to your system as well as back it up. External drives are also extremely handy for transporting data between locations and devices in what used to be known as sneaker-net.
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Your particular needs will determine whether your choice for external storage should prioritize speed, in which case you’ll want an SSD with a fast interface (USB4 or Thunderbolt); capacity, which will always favor more affordable hard drives; or portability — you can’t get more portable than a pocketable thumb drive. Depending on your intent, we’ve got picks for you.
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Before you buy
Due to the current global shortage of NAND (Thanks AI!), SSD prices have skyrocketed. Many of the prices quoted below and in the referred reviews will soon be, or are already out of date.
As of February 21, 2026 we’ve experienced at least two drives that performed well below expectations when used with their bundled cables. If your new external SSD doesn’t perform up to snuff, talk to the vendor about a firmware update, or use a Thunderbolt cable of suitable speed, which is how we solved the issue for testing. Thunderbolt cables are generally of far higher quality than some commodity USB cables.
Why you should trust PCWorld for external drive reviews and buying advice: It’s in our name! PCWorld’s reviewers have been testing PC hardware for decades. Our storage evaluations are thorough and rigorous, pushing the limits of every product — from performance benchmarks to the practicalities of daily use. As PC users ourselves, we know what makes a product stand out. Only the best external drives make this list.
Corsair EX300U – Best 10Gbps external SSD
Pros
- Fastest 10Gbps SSD we’ve tested
- Small profile
- Magnetic attachement to metal surfaces
Cons
- Almost as pricey as 20Gbps SSDs currently
Price When Reviewed:
1TB: $100 I 2TB: $180 I 4TB: $340
Best Prices Today:
$164.99
$164.99
Who should buy the Corsair EX300U?
In normal times, this is the recommended option for anyone looking for an affordable that’s still “fast enough” — or anyone who is currently saddled with a USB 3.2 port that’s limited to 10Gbps speed. But these are not normal times, so our advice is to check current prices before buying.
For instance, you can find this fantastic little magnetic square of a drive for 1TB / $117 on Amazon as of this writing. That’s about $17 more than it cost when I reviewed the drive, making it a still-reasonable price in this time of extreme NAND-price inflation. But if you want to step up to 2TB, Amazon is asking a jaw-dropping and $290. That’s more than the 2TB version of our favorite 20Gbps drive below.
Price disparities aside, the EX300U is the fastest 10Gbps SSD I’ve tested to date, besting the Teamgroup X2 Max listed below by a small margin. And unlike the latter, you can stick it to a metal object like a PC case via the circular magnet on the back. Note that aluminum is not particularly magnetic, so this doesn’t work with most Macs.
Corsair EX300U: Further considerations
The warranty on the EX300U is three years, which is the usual for external SSDs, but the 250TBW (terabytes that can be written) per terabyte of capacity is a little stingy. At least Corsair provides a TBW rating — most vendors don’t for external SSDs.
Still, the odds of anyone exceeding that TBW limit is rather low. Most of the time games are reading data, not writing it.
Read our full
Corsair EX300U review
Teamgroup X2 Max – Best USB stick / thumb drive
Pros
- Excellent 10Gbps performer, even with long writes
- Small even for a thumb drive
- Both Type-C and Type-A connectors
Cons
- Pricier than typical thumb drives
Price When Reviewed:
1TB: $70 I 2TB: $130
Best Prices Today:
$139.99
$139.99
Who should buy the Teamgroup X2 Max?
Anyone seeking top-performance in the classic fits-easily-in-a-shirt-pocket thumb drive form-factor should be looking to the Teamgroup X2 Max. It’s small even for a thumb drive, and just as fast as almost any 10Gbps SSD — small or large — that we’ve tested.
The X2 Max uses NVMe storage internally which accounts for the performance. Externally, it conveniently provides both captive Type-C and Type-A connectors so you don’t have to drag around cables or adapters.
Teamgroup X2 Max: Further considerations
It’s relatively pricey compared to a commodity thumb drive, but the performance is well worth it. Put bluntly — there’s no better option if fast thumb drive storage is what you seek.
Read our full
Teamgroup X2 Max review
PNY RP60 – Best 20Gbps external SSD
Pros
- Handsome, IP65-rated design (dust-proof, water-resistant)
- Good 20Gbps performance
- Nice flat Type-C USB ribbon cable
Price When Reviewed:
1TB: $100 I 2TB: $180
Who should buy the PNY RP60?
If your laptop supports USB 3.2×2 for 20Gbps performance and you want to take full advantage of it, and/or you’re not the most careful person with hardware, this ruggedized external SSD is a practical way to ward off accidental damage.
The PNY RP60 offers more than just a rugged IP65-rated exterior that protects against dust and water droplets. It’s handsome and lightweight to boot, as well as an admirable performer, even besting one of the fastest 20Gbps drives I’ve tested — the Crucial X10 Pro — in a couple of our tests.
PNY60: Further considerations
A 20Gbps SSD is the sweet spot in the price/performance ratio for external SSDs. The only issue is that the USB 3.2×2 drives function at only 10Gbps or slower unless attached to a dedicated 20Gbps port. That applies to most USB4 and Thunderbolt ports as well.
The RP60 is competitively priced at $180 and $230 for 1TB and 2TB, respectively. Note that these prices are significantly higher than when I first reviewed the RP60 due to the global NAND shortage.
Read our full
PNY RP60 20Gbps USB SSD review
Addlink P30 – Best budget USB4 external SSD
Pros
- Over 3GBps reading and 2.5GBps writing
- Tiny, shirt-pocketable form factor
- Magnetic mounting ring included
- Astoundingly affordable for USB4
Cons
- Slightly off the performance pace for USB4
Price When Reviewed:
1TB: $89.44 I 2TB: $158.44
Best Prices Today:
$174.44
Who should buy the Addlink P30?
Those looking for USB4 performance without breaking the bank should be shopping Addlink’s P30. It’s priced more like a 10Gbps SSD than a 40Gbps model, and while it’s the slowest USB4 drive we’ve tested, that’s like saying it’s the slowest F1 car on the grid — it’s still plenty fast.
Additionally, the P30 is super handy for anyone looking to add semi-permanent external storage to a PC with a metal case — there’s a magnetic ring that allows you to “stick” the drive in place. Add in a small form-factor and good looks and you have yourself a winner.
Addlink P30: Further considerations
Using modern TLC, the P30’s write rate only drops to around 800Mbps when it runs out of secondary cache. That makes it a workable drive even for pros. It’s also one of the few drives that is likely a better bargain than rolling your own with an external enclosure such as TerraMaster’s D1 SSD Plus.
Read our full
Addlink P30 USB4 SSD review
Adata SE920 – Best 40Gbps USB4 external SSD
Pros
- Fastest pre-populated 40Gbps SSD we’ve tested
- Fan-cooled enclosure
- Also fast on the Mac
Cons
- Pricier than USB 3.2×2 (20Gbps)
Price When Reviewed:
1TB: $140 I 2TB: $200 I 4TB: $380
Best Prices Today:
$280.65
Who should buy the Adata SE920?
If you want top-notch sustained throughput, but for less money than an 80Gbps SSD, the 40Gbps SE920 will get the job done and then some. Note that to run a 40Gbps USB4 external SSD, your PC needs to support the USB4 or the Thunderbolt 3/4/5 spec. And while cheaper than 80Gbps, it’s still not cheap.
If you meet those criteria, the Adata SE920 will deliver you nearly 4GBps transfers, and at a slightly more affordable price than our previous pick for USB4, the OWC Express 1M2 — for example, $280 for a 1TB Adata SE920 versus $300 for the 1TB OWC drive. If you want a lot of capacity, the Adata SE920 is available with up to 4TB, but it’s currently in short supply and has become very expensive.
Adata SE920: Further considerations
In almost every benchmark, the SE920 beat the OWC Express 1M2, even if by small margins. A nifty built-in fan is activated by sliding open the enclosure. In my tests, the fan helped keep my drive noticeably free of heat during benchmark tests.
Measuring around 4.1 inches long by 2.5-inches wide by 0.6-inches thick, and weighing 7 ounces, the SE920 is quite portable, giving it another advantage over the bulkier OWC Express 1M2 and others.
Read our full
SE920 External SSD review
SanDisk Desk Drive 10Gbps – Best external SSD for backups
Pros
- Available in large 4TB and 8TB capacities
- Good 10Gbps performer
- Attractive and unusual, if somewhat large, heat-shedding design
Cons
- Requires AC adapter
- Would be better as USB4
Price When Reviewed:
4TB: $250 I 8TB: $700
Best Prices Today:
$612.89
$799.99
Who should buy the SanDisk Desk Drive?
Anyone who needs lots of room for data plus the speed of an SSD should be shopping for the SanDisk Desk Drive, which is available with up to 8TB of capacity.
As the name suggests, the SanDisk Desk Drive isn’t nearly as portable as the other drives in this list. Partly because it’s a bit too bulky for a pocket or laptop bag, but primarily because it requires an AC adapter. It’s hardly a behemoth; it’s just not as convenient as a pure bus-powered unit for transport.
The Desk Drive is aimed at users with more sedentary work scenarios, to function as auxiliary storage and a fast backup medium. That’s also evident in the fact that it ships only in 4GB and 8GB capacities.
SanDisk Desk Drive: Further considerations
Granted, the Desk Drive costs a lot more per-gigabyte than you’d pay for a backup hard drive. But that surcharge buys you brisk 10Gbps performance, and the assurance that comes from an SSD’s lack of moving parts, i.e. susceptibility to wear and shock damage. In other words, its speed, ruggedness, and reliability make it worth more than an HDD.
Read our full
SanDisk Desk Drive 10Gbps USB SSD review
WD My Passport, Works with USB C – Best portable hard drive
Pros
- Up to 6TB of capacity
- Super-low price per terabyte
- Good looking and portable
Cons
- Micro-B, not Type-C as intimated
- Hard drive level performance
Price When Reviewed:
2TB: $85 I 4TB: $135 I 5TB: $150 I 6TB: $185
Best Prices Today:
$99.99
$118.64
$119.99
$119.99
$135.63
Who should buy the WD Passport, Works with USB-C?
Those looking for capacity without the high price should be looking at 2.5-inch external hard drives, and this capacious drive in particular.
We can forgive the cumbersome name, and the fact that this drive, misleadingly, doesn’t actually feature a Type-C port (but rather an adapter), because there is a misconception among some that Type-C will make a portable hard drive faster. It won’t. In the end this drive has the best combination of price, capacity, and performance in its class.
For starters, the WD My Passport, Works with USB-C offers a ton of capacity — up to 6TB — and at a far more affordable price per terabyte than one can get from an SSD (a little less than $30/TB versus $60 to $80 for the latter). This makes the WD My Passport a natural fit for backup, particularly during off hours when an SSD’s superior speed won’t really save you any time.
WD Passport, Works with USB-C: Further considerations
As for the misleading moniker, the My Passport does indeed work with USB-C, but it’s by way of the drive’s bundled Micro-B to Type-A cable and Type-A to USB-C adapter. Yup, the port is the much older Micro-B. Mind you, WD’s My Passport Ultra drives, which actually do feature a USB-C port, don’t perform any faster than this drive, and cost a bit more.
In fact, the My Passport performs on par with the best of 2.5-inch hard drives we’ve tested, while being the best deal. If it’s a portable, high-capacity hard drive that you’re after — pick this one.
Read our full
WD My Passport, Works with USB C review
Seagate Expansion Desktop – Best desktop hard drive
Pros
- Super-low price per terabyte
- Up to 24TB total capacity
- Good looking
- Twice the sustained throughput of 2.5-inch external HDDs
Cons
- Slow compared to SSDs
- Requires AC adapter
Price When Reviewed:
4TB: $120 I 6TB: $110 I 8TB: $160 I 10TB: $270 I 12TB: $300 I 14TB: $430 I 16: $230 I 18TB: $250 I 24TB: $540
Best Prices Today:
$249.99
$249.99
$284.99
$285
$318.43
Who should buy the Seagate Expansion Desktop?
Users looking for the most capacity for the least amount of cash, should definitely be checking out the 3.5-inch Seagate Expansion Desktop. It’s available with up to 28TB of capacity — more than three times the current maximum for SSDs
The Desktop Expansion also delivers twice the sustained transfer rate of the average 2.5-inch external hard drives — our 16TB test unit read and wrote at close to 280MBps. Nice.
As mentioned, all this storage comes at a very competitive price point, hovering around $30 per terabyte, compared to the $70 per terabyte an external SSD costs.
Seagate Expansion Desktop: Further considerations
The relevant caveat with all HDDs is that they are more likely to fail than SSDs, and important data on them should be backed up regularly. Alternatively, you can run them in mirrored (RAID 1) pairs, though that cuts into the bargain price per terabyte by quite a bit.
As we said in our review of the drive: “If you deal with large amounts of data, you can’t beat a high-capacity hard drive for gathering it into one place.” This is the drive we’d pick for that job.
Read our full
Seagate Expansion Desktop review
Other notable external drive reviews
Thumb drives
Portable SSDs
How PCWorld tests external drives
Drive tests currently utilize Windows 11 24H2, 64-bit running off of a PCIe 4.0 Samsung 990 Pro in an Asus Z890-Creator WiFi (PCIe 4.0/5.0) motherboard. The CPU is a Core Ultra i5 225 feeding/fed by two Kingston Fury 32GB DDR5 4,800MHz modules (64GB of memory total). Both 20Gbps USB and Thunderbolt 5 are integrated and Intel CPU/GPU graphics are used. SSDs involved in the test are mounted in either a HighPoint 7604A 16x 4-slot PCIe 5.0 RAID adapter card or a single-slot Asus ROG M.2 PCIe 5.0 adapter.
We run the CrystalDiskMark 8, AS SSD 2, and ATTO 4 synthetic benchmarks to find the storage device’s potential performance, then a series of 48GB and 450GB transfers tests using Windows Explorer drag-and-drop to show what you’ll see under Window, as well as the far faster FastCopy to show what’s possible. A two-drive 25GBps RAID 0 array on the HighPoint 7604A 16x PCIe 5.0 adapter card is used as the secondary source/destination.
Each test is performed on an NTFS-formatted and newly TRIM’d drive so the results are optimal. Note that in normal use, as a drive fills up, performance may decrease due to less NAND for secondary caching, as well as other factors. This can be less of a factor with the current crop of SSDs with far faster late-generation NAND.
Caveat: The performance numbers shown apply only to the drive we were shipped and to the capacity tested. SSD performance can and will vary by capacity due to more or fewer chips to shotgun reads/writes across and the amount of NAND available for secondary caching. Vendors also occasionally swap components. If you ever notice a large discrepancy between the performance you experience and that which we report, by all means, let us know.
Note also that some of the SSDs in this roundup were tested using other equipment and methodologies which you can read about in the standalone reviews.
To learn more about our testing methodology see PCWorld’s article on how we test external SSDs.
Who curated this article?
Jon L Jacobi has witnessed storage morph from punch cards and tape to solid state. He’s been using and testing HDDs, SATA SSDs, and NVMe SSDs for PCWorld for well over two decades. To paraphrase a well-known commercial, you might say he’s seen a thing or two.
How to choose the best external drive
Yes, USB 4 will provide the same massive throughput as Thunderbolt 3/4.
There are four general categories when it comes to external storage, all fairly self-explanatory: portable SSD, portable HDD, desktop HDD (typically larger capacity, larger footprint, and requiring external power, and thus meant to be stationary), and thumb-drive SSD — the smallest and most portable external storage, but often limited in capacity.
SSD vs. HDD
If you’re looking to treat your external storage as an extension of your internal storage, then performance is likely paramount. You’ll want an SSD, which can be 10 to 20 times faster — depending on the interface — than a hard drive. SSDs also offer sub-millisecond seek times where HDDs seek at tens of milliseconds.
On the other hand, if the primary role is backup, then you might want to opt for a hard drive (HDD) with its larger capacity and a significantly lower price per gigabyte/terabyte. Currently, single SSDs top out at 8TB, 2.5-inch HDDs at 6TB, and desktop 3.5-inch HDDs at 36TB.
Need internal storage instead? See our guides to the best SSDs and best PCIe 4.0 SSDs.
SSD/HDD capacity versus price
The cost per TB of both SSDs and HDDs tends to drop as capacity increases. However, the latest, greatest (highest capacity) drives of both types tend to carry a premium, simply because the company knows some users want as much capacity as they can get and are willing to pay more.
Normally, you’ll get the lowest price per terabyte from the second-highest capacity drive, aka last years model. But do the math before you plunk down your hard earned money — you may find deals. Below you can see the phenomenon in terms of a WD 2.5-inch HDD.
The worst value for an external hard drive is typically the lowest-capacity drive.
IDG
Above you can see the general more capacity, cheaper per terabyte trend.
How much external storage capacity do you need?
If you’re extending your internal storage, you probably know better than we do how much you’ll need. Video sucks up space at a remarkable pace, especially at higher resolutions. With SSDs, traditionally we’ve recommended twice the capacity you think you’ll need as older types tended to slow down as they filled. Modern SSD controller design has mitigated this to a great degree, but it’s still our rule of thumb.
If you’re going for backup, then the more the merrier. Again, twice the amount of total data on the drives to back up is a good start. Remember, you’ll want at least one full system backup, then regular incremental, differential, or data-only backups.
That said, reinstalling Windows and your applications isn’t quite the insane drudgery it once was, and you can likely get away with just backing up your data. In that case twice the amount of essential data you have will do the trick. Sensing a 2X trend here?
Another rule of thumb: 1TB for travel and light backups, 2TB for mainstream photo/video libraries, 4TB+ for larger archives, 8TB+ for desk-bound bulk backup.
Note that these are our minimum recommendations. The more the merrier, and the further back in time you can keep backups for.
Which external interface should you opt for?
Speed
If you’re buying an HDD, the interface is relatively unimportant — even older 5Gbps USB offers more than enough bandwidth to accommodate the 300MBps that is as fast as a modern HDD can deliver data. In fact, you’re unlikely to run across an external HDD that offers a faster interface unless it’s a multi-bay RAID box. Even then, 10Gbps is likely to be more than fast enough.
For SSDs, there’s a huge difference in performance depending on the interface involved. The internals of most external SSDs these days are NVMe rather than SATA, and capable of 3GBps. No matter what the internals, 5Gbps USB (3.0) limits the drive to just over 500MBps, 10Gbps USB (3.2) to just over 1GBps, and 20Gbps USB (3.2×2)/Thunderbolt 2 to around 2GBps, so you’re leaving performance on the table with any of those.
Of course, those may be all that your computer offers, so buy to match. However, if you’re rocking a newer computer you may have Thunderbolt 3/4/5 or if it’s really recent, USB4. Those will deliver around 3.5GBps unless they’re the still rare 80Gbps flavors in which case you’ll see around 6.5GBps.
Note that all those numbers are what you’ll see with synthetic benchmarks. Windows Explorer is a horrible performer in data transfers. We recommend using FastCopy or if you’re a command line type — Xcopy. Both of which are two to three times as fast as Explorer transferring large files.
Compatibility
Compatibility is a major concern and where 5Gbps and 10Gbps USB reign supreme. You’d be hard pressed to find a computer or device that won’t support them and they function on nearly every USB and Thunderbolt port in existence.
USB 3.2×2 on the other hand requires a dedicated 20Gbps port or a newer USB4 port to function at the full 20Gbps speed. They drop to 10Gbps on 10Gbps USB ports and most Thunderbolt ports.
Obviously, 40Gbps USB4 requires a USB4 port or Thunderbolt 4/5 port to reach maximum speed. But on USB4 ports, even that’s not guaranteed. We haven’t seen one yet, but full 40Gbps implementation in true USB Forum fashion, isn’t required, so there might be slower 20Gbps USB4 SSDs and ports.
Thunderbolt SSDs generally require a Thunderbolt 3/4/5 port or USB4 port to function at 40Gbps. In truth, USB4 is basically Thunderbolt 4 with some minor tweaks. 80Gbps Thunderbolt SSDs require a Thunderbolt 5 port, and/or the upcoming 80Gbps USB4 second gen.
USB4 SSDs are easily the most compatible (backwards to USB 2.x, forward to Thunderbolt 5) high-performance types, so they’re currently our recommended interface for speedy data delivery. That said, 80Gbps Thunderbolt 5 is pretty sexy.
What connector type should you use?
Though the industry is generally on board with Type-C connectors at this point, you may still find some older types around. From top to bottom in the image below: Mini-USB, Micro B SuperSpeed, SuperSpeed Micro B, Thunderbolt 2/mini DisplayPort, and Type-C. You’ll also find the occasional Lightning connector drive (not shown). More complete descriptions follow below.
While we of course recommend orientation-agnostic Type-C, you can find Type-C adapters or adapter cables for any type.
The top drive uses the older, slower Mini-USB interface. The second drive features the connector that replaced it: Micro B SuperSpeed. The Orange drive features both a SuperSpeed Micro B and Thunderbolt 2 (mini DisplayPort connector). The bottom drive features USB-C or USB Type C.
Connectors
USB Type-C, USB-C, Type-C is the latest USB connector and the one the world is standardizing on. It’s small, easy to insert, and you don’t have to worry about which side faces up as with Type-A.
Keep in mind that Type-C refers only to the connector itself. What is carried over the wires varies greatly: USB 2.0 High Speed (480Mbps) to USB 3.2 SuperSpeed 20Gbps, as well as USB4 and Thunderbolt 3/4/5 and any combination of them.
USB Type-A: You won’t find this familiar rectangular port on any drive, but you will still find it on plenty of PCs and laptops as well as the male version on the other end of most Type-B and Type-C adapter cables.
USB 3 Micro-B is the wider, flatter port that’s still very common on many lower-cost portable and desktop external hard drives. It’s actually the same Micro USB port used on older phones, but with more data lines to hit USB 3.0 speeds. It’ll do 5Gbps and is fine for hard drives and SATA (internally) SSDs. Micro-B cables are generally Type-A on the PC end.
USB 3 Type-B is the larger, squarer version of USB 3.0 Micro B. Type B ports are becoming rare, though you might find one on older 5.25-inch enclosures, printers, and scanners. It supports speeds up to 5Gbps and cables are generally Type-A on the PC side.
Thunderbolt 2 is dead at this point. It’s found on older Macs, but even Apple put it out to pasture in 2017. There’s no need to invest in a Thunderbolt 2 drive unless it’s for legacy support issues. That said…
…Apple sells a bi-directional Thunderbolt 1/2 to 3 adapter if you need to connect the one generation to the other. The adapter does not, however, carry power, so bus-powered external drives (no power jack) will require a powered dock.
eSATA is another legacy port that’s disappeared from newer devices. Created for attaching external storage to your computer’s SATA bus, eSATA was a cheap way in its day to move beyond the toddling 60MBps performance of USB 2.0.
5Gbps USB 3.0 put the last nail in eSATA’s coffin. As with Thunderbolt 2, the only reason to invest in an eSATA drive is for use with older computers.
Multiple drives for backup?
We discussed the rule of three for backup, but while the cloud is a great offsite option, you can also manage that with multiple external drives — storing them in different locations. Once upon a time, I used to regularly send copies of my recordings to my mom’s for safe-keeping.
If you’re using your external storage as a primary repository for important data, then you should have a second drive as a copy. You might even consider a dual-drive enclosure and run them mirrored, i.e. the same set of data written simultaneously to both. SSDs aren’t nearly as prone to mishap as hard drives, but even then…
Simply put, keep your data backed up!
For more guidance on building out the best backup plan possible, see our roundups of the best cloud backup services and best Windows backup software.
External drive FAQ
What’s the best external SSD?
Consumers have a lot of excellent external SSDs to choose from. If speed is important, the best 40Gbps external drive is the Adata SE920 at 40Gbps; for 20Gbps performance, and a significant cost savings, consider the PNY RP60; for the best balance of performance and price, we recommend the 10Gbps Corsair EX300U.
What’s the best USB thumb drive?
Currently, the Teamgroup X2 Max is the pick of the litter. It’s super slim, but capacious, cheetah fast, and has both Type-C and Type-A connectors.
What’s the best external hard drive?
What is the difference between an SSD and an HDD?
HDDs (hard disk drives) are essentially boxes containing spinning platters with read/write arms that skim across them to detect the orientation of, or re-align particles in the magnetic material that coats the platters.
SSDs (solid state drives), on the other hand, use flash memory and have no moving parts inside the drive. Data is instead stored in cells — aka, voltage traps — which are interconnected in a matrix. The matrix approach allows for data to be pushed or pulled to/from many different places at once and significantly increases both read and write speed — on the order of 100 times faster currently.
Generally speaking, SSDs are a better bet for your external drives due to their smaller size, faster speeds, and far superior durability. The main drawback to SSDs is that you pay quite a bit more per terabyte of storage. As technology and production techniques improve, the price of SSDs has and will continue to drop.
How often should you back up your data?
As often as possible, i.e. at roughly the rate that it changes. This is especially true if you are working on an important project or have data that you absolutely cannot afford to lose. The key point here is that if your drive goes belly up, everything added since your last backup is toast.
If you have your external drive connected to your computer at all times, it is a good idea to automate the backup process and have the drive back up your data as it changes, or every hour or so. Otherwise, connect and back up at least once a day. See our roundups of the best Windows backup software and the best online backup services to learn more.
Even if you work with your data in the cloud, a local backup is a very good idea. We know of no major service that’s lost data, but there’s always a first time.
Why does Windows say my external drive is smaller than specified?
This is because of the difference between the binary and decimal number systems, their nomenclatures, and a Microsoft miscue. Your 2TB drive indeed has two trillion bytes of storage, and if you look at the byte count that Windows displays in a drive’s properties dialog, this should be what you see. This, in the International System of Units (SI/decimal), is two terabytes, or 2TB. This is the standard language vendors use as consumers are far more familiar with base 10.
However, Windows uses the newer International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) binary multiples 2^10 (Kibibyte/KiB), 2^20 (Mebibyte/MiB), 2^30 (Gibibyte/Gib). Binary multiples are larger numbers (one KiB is 1,024) so when Windows divides the total bytes by the IEC system, the you get something like 1.8TiB for a 2TB drive. Alas, Windows labels this as 1.8TB, misleading the user.
Other reasons you might not see as much available storage in the properties tab are formatting or partitioning. The file system uses some storage for file location and size info, etc. Also, some drives come with a small partition containing software so the main partition will be smaller than the drive’s total capacity.
How long will my external drive last?
The lifespan of an external hard drive can be anywhere from three minutes to 10 years or more depending on make and model, as well as the amount of use and operating environment. They’re mechanical devices subject to wear and susceptible to shock damage, so they should be kept cool and treated gently. Reliability has increased dramatically over the last decade.
Alas, judging the likely lifespan of an external hard drive is a crap shoot. Of course check the warranty, but the MTBF (Mean Time Before Failure) number is generally considered fantasy within the industry. Peruse user feedback which can provide insight into long term usage, and keep your ears peeled for strange noises, your fingers crossed, and don’t drop the thing! Our best guess is that you should get at least five years with careful handling.
SSDs don’t wear out or break mechanically, but their cells can only be written to so many times. SSDs generally have a TBW (terabytes that may be written) rating, but this is rarely provided by vendors for external SSDs. Hint: They may not use the same SSD inside throughout the product lifespan.
Most internal M.2 NVMe TLC SSDs are rated for around 600TBW per terabyte, and QLC types for around 200TBW, though the type of NAND in use is also rarely provided by vendors. That’s a lot of data, and a lot of SSDs are rated well below what they might achieve. You can guesstimate by using a utility to see how much data you write to an SSD a day and then doing the math.
External SSD warranties are generally between three and five years, but as with all such things, it’s a financial risk calculation for the company. As is the TBW. Our best guess based on experience is perhaps a decade. However, certain models have had issues long before that — generally due to a flaw or failure in the bridge chip or controller.
How do external drives fail?
There are a few of ways that an external hard drive might fail. The motor might quit, the read/write heads might crash into the platter surface due to shock while operating, or the electronics might overheat and go belly up. You might get a warning in the form of strange noises such as a scraping or grinding sound. If the data is particularly important, turn it off immediately and call a recovery service. That scraping sound may be the coating on the platter being removed by a crashed head. This is unrecoverable. If you keep running it, back it up immediately and replace it.
SSDs generally go belly up due to the increasingly rare controller failure, which is a relatively easy fix/reset for someone who knows the SSD’s internals such as a recovery service. SSDs will also eventually wear out, though this only precludes further writing to the unit. You can still read what’s on the drive, so it’s not the disaster a HDD failure can be.
What’s the fastest external interface?
In order, the fastest PC external interfaces are currently: 80Gbps Thunderbolt 5, 40Gbps USB4/Thunderbolt 3 and 4, 20Gbps USB 3.2×2, 10GBps USB 3.2, then 5Gbps USB 3.x.
What’s the most compatible external interface?
In order of compatibility: USB4, Thunderbolt 3/4/5, USB 3.x, USB 3.2×2, USB 3.x, USB 2, and USB 1.1.