The 20th data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the largest multispectral imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey of the cosmos, has released its 20th data release (DR 20). It is also the third release of the survey’s fifth phase (SDSS-V), representing a massive operational expansion of the legacy established with prior releases. This milestone provides an unprecedented look at the stars, the interstellar medium (ISM) and distant galaxies that make up the cosmos.

By mapping the local and distant universe, astronomers and cosmologists hope to gain a better understanding of the physical processes governing the cosmos. When it began in 2000, the SDSS was an optical and spectral survey of the Northern Hemisphere conducted solely by the 2.5-meter Sloan Foundation Telescope.

This latest release has accelerated the SDSS’s transition into a massive international project of multiwavelength, multiepoch optical and infrared observations of both hemispheres by multiple observatories.

DR20 contains multiple catalogs of objects such as black holes, stars and interstellar gas, along with imagery and tools for navigating the massive data set. It also expands SDSS’s efforts by delivering the first optical spectra from the Southern Hemisphere, all-sky panoptic spectroscopy from both hemispheres and part of the panoptic spectroscopic map planned for the ongoing SDSS-V survey.

Features

Like previous data releases, DR20 includes newly reduced spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) obtained through Feb. 2, 2025, from both hemispheres, combined with spectroscopic data from all previous SDSS phases. The arXiv preprint of the official academic record appeared July 30 in the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.

As Dr. Anne-Marie Weijmans, a researcher at the University of St Andrews and the SDSS data products coordinator, said in an SDSS press release, “We want everyone to make use of the SDSS data products, whether they are a professional astronomer doing their research, a student learning how to work with data, a teacher looking for classroom material, or someone who is just interested in astronomy in general.

“That is why we have so many different platforms for people to interact with the data, and we take care to provide numerous examples and tutorials for each of these. The data should not just be publicly available but be publicly usable.”

“This data release provides some spectacular SDSS-V data that we are sure people will make excellent use of,” added Dr. Juna Kollmeier, a staff scientist at Carnegie Science and the director of SDSS-V. “But we aren’t stopping here. We just spent a week talking about what will go into DR21 and DR22! We’re going to need bigger computers!”

Contents

Among the many items featured in the new release are the aforementioned first SDSS-V stellar and extragalactic optical spectra of the Southern Hemisphere, taken as part of BOSS. DR20 also identifies hundreds of thousands of X-ray-emitting active galactic nuclei (AGN), galaxy clusters and active stars as part of the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Sources (SPIDERS) program. This was coordinated with the second release of the eROSITA X-ray All-Sky Survey (eRASS DR2).

The release also includes updated data for the Black Hole Mapper (BHM) and Milky Way Mapper (MWM) projects, which also cut across other SDSS-V programs. The former includes spectra of about 500,000 stellar, intermediate and supermassive black holes. The latter includes more than 3 million spectra of 1.5 million stars. It also includes updated information on the Local Volume Mapper (LVM) project, including spectra of hydrogen clouds, planetary nebulae and nearby galaxies.

In addition, DR20 includes 18 new or updated Value-Added Catalogs (VACs) that allow for specialized scientific research. As Dr. Emily Griffith, an NSF postdoctoral fellow from the University of Colorado Boulder and spokesperson for the SDSS-V collaboration, summarized in an SDSS press release:

“DR20 represents an enormous leap in the scale of SDSS data products—today we release over three million spectra of stars and galaxies along with 18 value-added catalogs. It’s the product of years of work by a dedicated, international team of astronomers. We’re excited to share DR20 with the world and see what the community discovers with it.”

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Sadie Harley

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Andrew Zinin

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